A holds funds that he knows have been paid to him by mistake.

A holds an asset that he has obtained by means of fraud.

A and another person (B) share a common intention that B should have a beneficial interest in an asset, and B has acted to his detriment on the basis of that intention. This is known as a common intention constructive trust and is often argued in disputes about the ownership of property occupied by cohabitees, as in the leading cases of Stack v Dowden [2007] UKHL 17 and Jones v Kernott [2011] UKSC 53.

Trusts in commercial transactions: Constructive trusts.

Remedies: restitution: Tracing.

Co-ownership and severing a joint tenancy: Stack v Dowden and Jones v Kernott.