Environment

A practice note about the Bribery Act 2010, which received Royal Assent in April 2010 and came into force on 1 July 2011.  The background to the Act is described in Practice note, Bribery: law reform. PLC's materials on the Bribery Act are set out in Bribery Act 2010: toolkit.

A practice note on climate change issues for institutional investors, shareholders and insurers.

This practice note provides a summary of the EU chemicals regime, REACH. REACH stands for the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals.

A discussion of the Equator Principles (EP), including their purpose and application to project finance transactions and other non-project related transactions. This Note also discusses the results of the EP Association's strategic review of the EPs and the proposed draft EP3 that incorporates some of the recommendations of the strategic review. 

This note explains how a new mechanism for reducing carbon emissions from forestry-related activities in developing countries, known as REDD+, is being developed under the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC). REDD+ stands for reducing emissions from deforestation and degradation of forests, sustainable management of forests, and conservation and enhancement of forest carbon stocks, in developing countries. This note analyses the framework for REDD+ that was agreed in Cancun in December 2010 and the challenges to be addressed in developing REDD+. It also summarises the REDD+ pilot projects, such as the UN-REDD Programme.

This note explains what the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) and the Kyoto Protocol are, and what the parties to these international agreements are required to do.

This checklist outlines the issues to address when implementing a document retention and disposal policy.

Checklist of issues to consider after closing of a cross-border private company acquisition.

This article examines the new decommissioning relief deed regime being introduced to provide greater certainty about the tax relief available to meet the high cost of decommissioning oil and gas installations on the UK continental shelf. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

This article highlights some of the key legal issues commonly associated with the exploration and extraction of petroleum resources and their conversion to liquefied natural gas (LNG) in Australia. These issues form part of any due diligence conducted by an investor proposing to acquire petroleum or LNG assets or an interest in a petroleum or LNG project. This article looks at: The legal system applicable to LNG in Australia. The various petroleum laws enacted by Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. The different types of petroleum tenements available in Australia. Petroleum ownership in Australia. Major issues currently facing the LNG industry. The range of petroleum and LNG investment activity currently experienced in Australia. The rights of project proponents to access land as against landowners' rights. The rules and restrictions concerning foreign investment. The imposition of royalties and other taxes by the various levels of government. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in the United Arab Emirates. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to electricity regulation in Argentina. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to electricity regulation in China. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to electricity regulation in Italy. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to Electricity regulation in Mexico. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to Electricity regulation in the UK. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

This article highlights some of the key legal issues commonly associated with the exploration and extraction of mineral resources in Australia. These issues form part of any due diligence exercise conducted by an investor proposing to acquire mining assets or an interest in a mining project. This article looks at: Mining investment in Australia. The legal system applicable to mining in Australia. Various mining laws enacted by Commonwealth, State and Territory governments. Mineral ownership in Australia. Different types of mining tenements available in Australia. Rights of miners to access land against landowners' rights. Imposition of royalties and other taxes by the various levels of government. Rules and restrictions concerning foreign investment. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Brazil. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Cyprus. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Macedonia. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Nigeria. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Turkey. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in the United States. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to electricity regulation in India. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic electricity market, including domestic electricity companies, electricity generation and renewable energy, transmission, distribution, supply and tax issues. It covers the regulatory structure; foreign ownership; import of electricity; authorisation and operating requirements; trading between generators and suppliers; rates and conditions of sale and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Electricity regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

This table summarises the common forms of renewable energy sources used for the generation of electricity and the incentives there are to promote the use of renewable energy. This table is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

A Q&A guide to oil and gas regulation in Serbia. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the domestic oil and gas sector, rights to oil and gas, health safety and the environment, sale and trade in oil and gas, tax and enforcement of regulation. It covers transfer of rights; transportation by pipeline; environmental impact assessments; decommissioning; waste regulations and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the energy and natural resources Oil and gas regulation Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to energy and natural resources. For a full list of content visit www.practicallaw.com/energy-mjg.

This tool enables subscribers to search the Country Q&A in the PLC Energy and Natural Resources - Electricity regulation section of the multi-jurisdictional guide by question and jurisdiction. Simply select the questions and the jurisdictions that you are interested in and click the button. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article.

This article looks at land contamination in Italy and examines the regulatory regime, owner/occupier liability, environmental liability in asset and share transfers, and investigation and clean-up procedures. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Argentina. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Argentina and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Austria. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environmental law in Austria and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Brazil. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Brazil and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Chile. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Chile and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in the Czech Republic. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in the Czech Republic and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Finland. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Finland and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Germany. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Germany and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in India. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in India and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Italy. This Q&A provides a high-level overview of environmental law in Italy and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Mexico. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Mexico and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Poland. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Poland and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in South Africa. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in South Africa and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Spain. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environmental law in Spain and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in Turkey. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in Turkey and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

A Q&A guide to environment law in the United States. This Q&A provides a high level overview of environment law in the United States and looks at key practical issues including emissions to air and water, environmental impact assessments, waste, contaminated land, and environmental issues in transactions. In addition, answers to questions can be compared across a number of jurisdictions to assist in the management of cross-border transactions (see Country Q&A tool). This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

This article gives an overview of the regulatory framework and economic incentive schemes affecting the development of onshore wind power projects in Sweden and Finland. It looks at the: Regulatory frameworks in each country. The Swedish electricity certificate system. The Finnish feed-in tariff scheme.

With the shift away from nuclear energy certain developers with nuclear expertise now focus on the development of both renewables and cheaper forms of conventional power. This article examines how countries can meet their carbon reduction aims while reducing the use of nuclear energy and how governments are seeking to reduce the incentives on offer.

The recently recast RoHS and WEEE Directives form the central regulatory regime on the environmental impact of electronic products in the EU. Due to the impact of these directives, the decision to create new versions has serious implications for the electronics industry. This article looks at some of the major changes under the newly recast legislation, and the legal as well as managerial considerations involved in securing compliance and maintaining marketability despite the recent changes.

A Q&A guide to Climate change, renewables and energy law in South Africa. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environmenthandbook.

A Q&A guide to climate change, renewables and energy efficiency law in Japan. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environment-mjg.

This article sets out some of the main features of EU Regulation 1907/2006 on the Registration, Evaluation, Authorisation and Restriction of Chemicals) (REACH) and how it is likely to affect medical device companies. It also provides an overview of the most significant EU regulatory developments as they apply to the medical devices industry sector. This chapter is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to life sciences. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/lifescienceshandbook.

Climate change has become increasingly topical, with the adoption of the Kyoto Protocol. This has strengthened interest in cleantech and the development of cleantech venture capital investment. This article examines the current market and growth in cleantech investment, and the financing environments in Europe, the US and Asia.

A Q&A guide to Climate change, renewables and energy efficiency in France. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environmenthandbook.

A Q&A guide to Climate change, renewables and energy efficiency in Portugal. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environmenthandbook.

Climate change is one of the biggest challenges facing mankind in the coming years. The overwhelming scientific consensus is that the cause of such change is the emissions of greenhouse gases from human activity. This article examines the EU Emissions Trading Scheme (ETS), the Kyoto Protocol and the Copenhagen Conference, the ETS regulatory framework, ETS implementation and challenges for EU member states. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environmenthandbook.

REACH came into force on 1 June 2008. No chemical substance can now be manufactured, imported or used in the EU, and Iceland, Liechtenstein and Norway, above one tonne per year per company, without being first registered with the new EU Chemicals Agency (ECHA), with some exemptions. This article discusses some of the current topical issues, including first-hand experience of REACH, registration and development of the respective dossiers, exchange of confidential information and competition law issues, new developments on REACH authorisation, and the current status of national enforcement. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to environment. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/environmenthandbook.

An overview of the corporate real estate market in the US, covering corporate real estate investment, the sale and purchase and lease of corporate real estate, real estate tax and real estate finance.This article is part of the PLC US Special Report, which was published to mark the launch of PLC's first US services.

Climate change is the most threatening environmental challenge of recent years. Addressing global climate change is a daunting task and the US has no focused regulatory response. This article examines the background to the lack of climate change regulation in the US and the variety of recent litigation focusing on climate change which it has engendered, including cases based on statutory law, challenges under state laws and common law cases against GHG emitters.

This article analyses the various climate change initiatives proposed at the state, regional and federal level in the US.

This tool enables subscribers to search the Country Q&A in the PLC Environment multi-jurisdictional guide by question and jurisdiction. Simply select the questions and the jurisdictions that you are interested in and click the "submit" button. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article.

The third version of the Equator Principles (EP III) were released by the Equator Principles Association in May 2013.

The Equator Principles Association published a draft of version 3 of the Equator Principles (EP3) for consultation, on 13 August 2012.

The Equator Principles Association announced that it had extended its provisional timetable for reviewing and updating the Equator Principles (EPs), on 27 March 2012.

The Equator Principles Association announced, on 7 December 2011, that the International Finance Corporation's (IFC) updated performance standards would apply to Equator Principles financial institutions (EPFIs) from 1 January 2012.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

The Equator Principles Association announced the conclusion of its strategic review process, that began in 2010, with the public release of the Equator Principles Strategic Review Report: Executive Summary and Appendix on 24 May 2011.

A PLC Commercial "Legal FAQs" article about the Bribery Act 2010, which comes into force on 1 July 2011.  For details about PLC's materials on the Bribery Act, see Practice note, Bribery Act 2010: toolkit.

An update on an announcement by Ceres in August 2009 that a record number of climate change-related shareholder resolutions were filed in 2009.

A update on announcements by US investor pressure group Ceres, in February 2009, on a request to the US Congress for climate change legislation, the addition of nine large US companies to its Climate Watch List and a number of recent shareholder resolutions questioning companies' climate change strategies.

The Australia update for August 2011 for the PLC Global Finance multi-jurisdictional monthly e-mail.