Cross-border: IP&IT

This note considers, from the perspective of a prospective or existing website owner, the key legal and commercial issues that arise in relation to the specific contracts which need to be put in place when setting up and operating a website.

An introductory note explaining what the internet is and how businesses can access and use it, with links to other practice notes for detailed discussion of the issues highlighted.

This note discusses the nature of domain names (electronic addresses for websites), the registration, transfer and resolution of disputes in relation to domain names, and the relationship between domain names and trade marks. These issues are considered in relation to generic top-level domains (gTLDs), and in relation to country-code top-level domains (ccTLDs). Note: This note does not reflect ICANN's generic top-level domain (gTLD) expansion program. For more information, see Article, Generic Top-level Domain (gTLD) Expansion

A Q&A guide to data protection in Finland. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Anguilla. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Anguilla as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Japan. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in Business Transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in United Arab Emirates. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in Business Transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Sweden. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; contracting parties' remedies; dispute resolution; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing.   To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool.   This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in South Korea. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to privacy in Finland. The Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of privacy rules and principles, including what national laws regulate the right to respect for private and family life and freedom of expression; to whom the rules apply and what privacy rights are granted and imposed. It also covers the jurisdictional scope of the privacy law rules and the remedies available to redress infringement. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Privacy Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in the UK. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Czech Republic. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Czech Republic as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Dominican Republic. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Dominican Republic as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Gibraltar. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Gibraltar as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in United Kingdom. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in United Kingdom as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Italy. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Turkey. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Turkey. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to privacy in the UK (England and Wales). The Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of privacy rules and principles, including what national laws regulate the right to respect for private and family life and freedom of expression; to whom the rules apply and what privacy rights are granted and imposed. It also covers the jurisdictional scope of the privacy law rules and the remedies available to redress infringement. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Cambodia. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Cambodia as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Nigeria. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Nigeria as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Romania. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Romania as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in United States: Delaware. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in United States: Delaware as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in United States: Puerto Rico. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in United States: Puerto Rico as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Australia. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Australia. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in South Africa. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Canada. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Canada as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Cyprus. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Cyprus as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in India. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in India as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business in... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Pakistan. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Pakistan as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Switzerland. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Switzerland as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Indonesia. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Mexico. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Brazil. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Brazil as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in France. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in France as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Luxembourg. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Luxembourg as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Morocco. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Morocco as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Thailand. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Thailand as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in United States: New Mexico. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in United States: New Mexico as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Spain. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in Business Transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Saudi Arabia. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A recent European Court of Justice ruling has opened the way for the sale of "second-hand software" across Europe. Restrictions on the transferability of software originally licensed in a way that is regarded as a sale cannot now prevent a buyer acquiring the right to use the software. The decision has a number of implications for software licensors in particular, and creates opportunities for licensees.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Brazil. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data Protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in France. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Ireland. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Norway. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Romania. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Spain. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Turkey. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in the Russian Federation. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Canada. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Mozambique. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Bahrain. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

This tool enables subscribers to search the patents, trade marks and designs Q&A in the IP in Business Transactions multi-jurisdictional guide by question and jurisdiction. Simply select the questions and the jurisdictions that you are interested in and click the "submit" button. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article. To view the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool, please click here.

This table summarises the formalities required for the assignment of copyright. This table is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg. Please note this project is currently being updated so will not include all available jurisdictions in this subject area.

This analysis article examines the importance of observing data protection law and introducing a compliance system for companies operating across jurisdictions. This is particularly the case in light of the likelihood of reinforced rules at EU level. A comprehensive compliance system can help companies to avoid the potential minefields and reduce the potential risks associated with non-compliance, particularly in view of the increasing significance of data protection for individuals and companies, the growing body of law in this area, and the existing obligations provided under data protection laws. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Belgium. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data Protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Italy. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Mexico. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Qatar. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in the United Arab Emirates. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Data protection Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

This article gives an overview of the EU/EEA legal framework concerning breach notification and local breach notification requirements. It goes on to consider global trends concerning the emergence of data breach legislation and provides some guidance on preparing a data breach response plan. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Argentina. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in Business Transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Canada. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

This tool enables subscribers to search the Country Q&A in the IP in Business Transactions multi-jurisdictonal guide by question and jurisdiction. Simply select the questions and the jurisdictions that you are interested in and click the "submit" button. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article. To view the Main IPRs Country Q&A tool, please click here.

A guide to intellectual property law in Germany. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in the Russian Federation. The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in the UK (England and Wales). The IP in business transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the IP in business transactions Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Argentina. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Brazil. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in China. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Main IPRs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Germany. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in the Russian Federation. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in the UK (England and Wales). The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

Outsourcing projects may fail to achieve their intended purposes if employee issues are given insufficient consideration throughout the project. This chapter provides guidance on how to communicate effectively with employees from a management perspective, in particular, common employee perceptions of outsourcing projects; the implications of these perceptions for the outsourcing company and its managers; the importance of communicating with employees; related measures to ensure the successful implementation of an outsourcing project. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcingmjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Austria. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Canada. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Finland. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool.This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Germany. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Italy. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcingmjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Luxembourg. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in South Africa. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcingmjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Turkey. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in the United States. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Outsourcing Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

This article explores the effects of outsourcing on the ownership of the principal categories of risk which may be retained or created (often inadvertently) in entering into an outsourcing transaction and which need to be considered alongside the headline transfer of risk to the supplier. It also looks at some potential mitigating steps which can be taken in relation to fine tuning the risk transfer. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Argentina. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Belgium. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Canada. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Hungary. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Indonesia. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Japan. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in New Zealand. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in the Russian Federation. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in The Netherlands. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Vietnam. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Doing business In... Country Q&A Tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/about/doingbusinessin-mjg.

A Q&A guide to data protection in Hong Kong. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of data protection rules and principles, including obligations on the data controller and the consent of data subjects; rights to access personal data or object to its collection; and security requirements. It also covers cookies and spam; data processing by third parties; and the international transfer of data. This article also details the national regulator; its enforcement powers; and sanctions and remedies. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to data protection. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dataprotection-mjg.

Ambush marketing is an attempt by an unauthorised party, through deliberate marketing activity, to take advantage of the high media profile of an event, team or individual (often of a sporting nature) at the expense of another company's official association with them, without paying any licence or sponsorship fees. This article looks at ambush marketing in the UK and considers the protections available, practical steps to counter ambush marketing and specific legislation in relation to the London Olympics 2012. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP in Business Transactions. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Hong Kong. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Norway. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Vietnam. The IP in Business Transactions Q&A gives an overview of maintaining an IP portfolio, exploiting an IP portfolio through assignment and licensing, taking security over IPRs, IP and M&A transactions, and the impact of IP on key areas such as competition law, employees and tax. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/iphandbook.

A guide to intellectual property law in Ireland. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in Belgium. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A guide to intellectual property law in the United States. The Main IPRs Q&A gives an overview of the protection and enforcement of the following IPRs: patents, trade marks, registered designs, unregistered designs, copyright and confidential information. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the patents, trade marks and designs Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/ip-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Denmark. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in New Zealand. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing.   For a full list of recommended outsourcing law firms and lawyers in New Zealand, please visit PLC Which lawyer?   This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Poland. This Q&A guide gives a high-level overview of legal and regulatory requirements on different types of outsourcing; commonly used legal structures; procurement processes; and formalities required for transferring or leasing assets. The article also contains a guide to transferring employees; structuring employee arrangements (including any notice, information and consultation obligations); and calculating redundancy pay. It also covers data protection issues; customer remedies and protections; and the tax issues arising on an outsourcing. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcing-mjg.

Following the global economic downturn, companies have been faced with the possibility that key outsourced services may suffer, or even disappear, if an external service provider becomes insolvent. This article outlines the US bankruptcy law principles and issues that are most relevant for customers of insolvent outsourcing service providers. It then provides a comparison of those principles with the insolvency frameworks in India and China. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to outsourcing. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Israel. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Colorado. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbihandbook.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Texas. This Q&A gives an overview of the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbihandbook.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Bangladesh. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Bangladesh as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

A Q&A guide to doing business in Belarus. This Q&A gives an overview of key recent developments affecting doing business in Belarus as well as an introduction to the legal system; foreign investment, including restrictions, currency regulations and incentives; and business vehicles and their relevant restrictions and liabilities. The article also summarises the laws regulating employment relationships, including redundancies and mass layoffs, and provides short overviews on competition law; data protection; and product liability and safety. In addition, there are comprehensive summaries on taxation and tax residency; and intellectual property rights over patents, trade marks, registered and unregistered designs. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to doing business worldwide. For a full list of contents, please visit www.practicallaw.com/dbi-mjg.

This chapter considers, in the context of IT outsourcing agreements, the nature and effect of the following contractual methods to mitigate the risk of disputes: jurisdiction clauses, arbitration clauses, governing law clauses, and dispute resolution schemes. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to Outsourcing. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook.

This chapter sets out the key issues to be considered to ensure an effective exit strategy, and some important points that must be addressed in the outsourcing agreement. In particular, it considers when exit can be triggered, when exit management issues should be considered, and the key issues that should be addressed in the exit provisions of the outsourcing contract. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to Outsourcing. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook.

A Q&A guide to IP in Business Transactions in Romania. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP in Business Transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/iphandbook.

A Q&A guide to the main IPRs in Australia. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP in Business Transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/iphandbook.

A Q&A guide to the main IPRs in The Netherlands. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP in Business Transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/iphandbook.

This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to IP in Business Transactionss. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/iphandbook.

A Q&A guide to outsourcing in Romania. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to Outsourcing. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook.

This chapter considers how European competition law can affect outsourcing transactions, concentrating in particular on the effect of merger control rules and the prohibition of anti-competitive provisions in outsourcing agreements. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to Outsourcing. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/outsourcinghandbook

A Q&A guide to data protection law in Norway.

The "multi-sourcing" model, whereby services are allocated to a number of separate "best of breed" suppliers, has now become popular in the sourcing market. This chapter explains the key risks involved in multi-sourcing and examines the contract-based strategies that can be used to mitigate these risks.

An outsourcing transaction can trigger the transfer of an economic entity under Directive 2001/23/EC on safeguarding employees' rights on transfers of undertakings, businesses or parts of businesses (Directive). This chapter aims to provide an overview of the Directive, against the context of examples of national implementing legislation.

The credit crunch means that there is likely to be an increase in the number of companies looking at outsourcing, perhaps for the first time, and (for those companies downsizing or in the midst of mergers) in those looking at renegotiating or restructuring existing outsourcing contracts. This chapter identifies the key contract terms to consider when an outsourcing crosses borders.

There have been several attempts to develop a unified patent system for Europe, and a new proposal, termed the Unified Patent Litigation System (UPLS) by the European Commission, is now on the table. This chapter examines problems with the current system, the historical background to patent harmonisation in Europe, the current system and lessons to be learnt from it, and the proposed UPLS for Europe.

Key trends can be identified in IP litigation in relation to claimants using courts across Europe as their theatre of operations, litigants seeking new and innovative forms of declaratory relief, comparative advertising becoming a significant flashpoint in EU trade mark litigation and courts in China appearing to place greater emphasis on the protection of intellectual property rights. This chapter examines these trends in relation to patents, trade marks, designs and copyright.

Cross-border patent litigation in Europe has been controversial over the last 20 years. Relatively recent case law from the European Court of Justice (ECJ) has made cross-border patent injunction claims nearly impossible but certain other cross-border claims are still possible. This chapter examines what a European cross-border patent dispute is, legal arguments against cross-border patent claims, why cross-border patent injunction claims are now nearly impossible, what cross-border claims remain possible and whether "torpedoes" are still possible.

Outsourcing carries with it many potential advantages and potential risks. This chapter considers the issues that a customer should consider before finalising an outsourcing project, in the context of the national laws of the Czech Republic, the Slovak Republic, France and Poland.

This chapter: sets out the regulatory requirements that banks and insurance companies in Switzerland must comply with when outsourcing significant operations; explains the additional requirements that apply when a bank in Switzerland wants to outsource its operations to another jurisdiction; and assesses the current regime governing the outsourcing of regulated undertakings.