Cross-border: Finance

This practice note discusses the main US tax issues that may arise in relation to debt financing of corporate groups.

This practice note provides a high-level overview of the Basel II capital adequacy framework. Please note that this note relates only to the Basel II framework as it stood at July 2006. For information on the Basel 2.5 and Basel III reforms, see Practice note: Basel 2.5: an overview and  Practice note, Basel III: an overview.

This article analyses the proposed implementation of a financial transaction tax between 11 member states of the EU (the FTT zone). This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to Tax on Transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

This tool enables subscribers to search the Country Q&A in the PLC Finance multi-jurisdictional guide by question and jurisdiction. Simply select the questions and the jurisdictions that you are interested in and click the "submit" button. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article.

This table summarises the common forms of security and required formalities for security granted over tangible movable property (excluding ships and aircraft). This table is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance law. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

This Article provides an overview of the Foreign Account Tax Compliance Act's (FATCA's) impact on foreign funds and other foreign investment entities, in light of proposed regulations released in February 2012 by the IRS and Treasury Department.

This chapter provides an introduction to some of the key principles of Islamic finance and an overview of some Islamic financing techniques. It also outlines some of the recent legal developments and challenges faced by the Islamic finance market. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

In light of the remarkable growth of Islamic finance and its increasing relevance in the global finance market, market participants in South Korea are turning to Islamic finance. The Government and various regulatory authorities in Korea are streamlining legal, regulatory, accounting and tax requirements. However, the non-conventional structures and instruments of Islamic finance present unique challenges. This article examines the typical features of Sukuk, the structure of Sukuk, the legal nature of Sukuk in Korea and the tax issues and reform proposals relating to Sukuk. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to securitisation. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/securitisation-mjg.

The United Kingdom update for June for the PLC Global Finance multi-jurisdictional monthly e-mail.

The vast majority of claims arising as a result of the credit crunch fall into two categories: failed (or failing) transactions; or investor claims. This article focuses on these two categories of claim and analyses the manner in which they have arisen in various European jurisdictions and the US.

An overview of the key features of US public and private offerings for foreign issuers. This article is part of the PLC US Special Report, which was published to mark the launch of PLC's first US services.

This Article considers: the types of transactions for which Cayman Islands SPVs are used, the reasons for using Cayman Islands SPVs, as well as details regarding organization, ongoing corporate and regulatory requirements, tax considerations and methods of dissolution. This Article forms part of a series that also covers the British Virgin Islands, Ireland and Channel Islands (Jersey).

Bilateral and multilateral investment treaties have flourished in recent years and can provide a means of reducing the risks involved in international investment. This article explains the typical protections such treaties can offer investors and outlines recent developments in the area.

The current growth in the number of investment treaty disputes is unprecedented. This is a reflection of globalisation and increasing investment in emerging markets. Bilateral investment treaties can help to reduce the risks inherent in investing in developing economies.

This table sets out a summary of the key information concerning the withholding tax requirement on interest on corporate debt and the key exemptions for each of the nine jurisdictions covered in the Country Q&A section of the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues section. This table is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg. Please note that the law stated dates for each jurisdiction covered may not be the same as this project is currently being updated. To check the law stated dates for each jurisdiction, please visit the individual article.

The European Commission presented a proposal for a Directive on a common system of financial transaction tax and amending Directive 2008/7/EC concerning indirect taxes on the raising of capital on 28 September 2011. The update now includes comments from Martin Walker of Deloitte LLP.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2011 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2011 e-mail update for Germany.

An update on the cross-border content within the PLC Cross-border Finance multi-jurisdictional guide, which answers key questions on finance law from the perspective of practitioners in 29 jurisdictions.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

An update on the publication of the PLC Cross-border Finance Handbook, which answers key questions on finance law from the perspective of practitioners in 29 jurisdictions.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2011 e-mail update for Japan.

The United Kingdom update for December 2010 for the PLC Global Finance multi-jurisdictional monthly e-mail.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance December 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Singapore.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Singapore.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance multi-jurisdictional monthly e-mail for October 2010.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for Singapore.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance July 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance April 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance March 2010 e-mail update for Australia.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance February 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance January 2010 e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance November e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance August e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

Companies participating in TARP should take action to ensure that their compensation programmes exclude incentives for their senior executives to take risks that might threaten the company's value.

FSA fines Aon for inadequate systems and controls to prevent corruption connected with the promotion of its business in high risk jurisdictions.

Some practical solutions for companies that have granted share options to employees, the exercise cost of which now exceeds the price of the shares.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the United Kingdom.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the United States.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for Japan.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for Germany.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance October 2010 e-mail update for Singapore.

This article is part of the PLC Global Finance September e-mail update for the Russian Federation.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Austria. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Guernsey. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in South Africa. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in The Netherlands. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in the UK (England and Wales. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in the UK (England and Wales) and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax on finance transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Belgium. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in British Virgin Islands. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Bermuda. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Nigeria. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Vietnam. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in the Russian Federation. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to lending and taking security in Japan. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security and guarantees. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Lending and taking security in country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to finance in Spain. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge clauses, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in China. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in China and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax on finance transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to Finance in Hong Kong. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, taking security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring of debt agreements; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to finance in Mexico. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, taking security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring of debt agreements; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in Australia. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in Australia and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax on finance transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in Germany. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in Germany and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax on financetransactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in Ireland. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in Ireland and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. The Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax on finance transactions. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in Romania. This Q&A provides a high level overview of finance tax in Romania and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

A Q&A guide to tax on finance transactions in Switzerland. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax. It provides a high level overview of finance tax in Switzerland and focuses on corporate lending and borrowing (including withholding tax requirements), bond issues, plant and machinery leasing, taxation of the borrower and lender when restructuring debt, and securitisations. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Tax on corporate lending and bond issues Country Q&A tool. This Q&A is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to tax. For a full list of jurisdictional Q&As visit www.practicallaw.com/taxontransactions-mjg.

Commercial letters of credit, the most frequent method of payment for goods in international trade transactions, have frequently been described as the lifeblood of international commerce. However, it can be argued that another, related method of payment is of equal importance, namely the independent or "on-demand" payment undertaking. This form of payment encompasses standby letters of credit, independent or on-demand bank guarantees and performance bonds. This chapter considers the basic features of letters of credit (also known as documentary credits), how commercial letters of credit work and how they are used in international trade, how standby letters of credit work and considers international standby practice, the basic principles of performance bonds and bank/on-demand guarantees, and outlines their use in international trade, their effectiveness and the establishment of uniform rules in this area. From an English law perspective, other negotiable instruments that are used in trade finance to effect payment, in particular, bills of exchange, promissory notes, forfaiting and advance payment bonds and guarantees. It also considers the use of these instruments in international trade. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to finance in Canada. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge clauses, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to finance in Germany. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge clauses, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to finance in Italy. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge clauses, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.

A Q&A guide to Finance in South Korea. The Q&A gives a high level overview of the lending market, forms of security over assets, special purpose vehicles in secured lending, quasi-security, negative pledge clauses, guarantees, and loan agreements. It covers creation and registration requirements for security interests; problem assets over which security is difficult to grant; risk areas for lenders; structuring the priority of debt; debt trading and transfer mechanisms; agent and trust concepts; enforcement of security interests and borrower insolvency; cross-border issues on loans; taxes; and proposals for reform. To compare answers across multiple jurisdictions, visit the Finance Country Q&A tool. This article is part of the PLC multi-jurisdictional guide to finance. For a full list of contents visit www.practicallaw.com/finance-mjg.