In Chaval Navegação Ltda (Chaval) v Liebherr Brasil – Guindastes e Máquias Operatrizes Ltda (Liebherr), Special Appeal n.1.500.667/RJ (2013/0229745-5), the Brazilian Superior Court of Justice considered whether an arbitrators’ refusal to grant a request for independent expert evidence constituted a violation of the adversarial principle justifying a set-aside of the arbitral award.